Vitamin D (calciferol)

Description

Vitamin D group formed by the action of ultraviolet radiation in the tissues of animals and plants of the sterols.

The vitamin D group include:

• vitamin D ₂ - ergocalciferol, isolated from yeast, it is a provitamin ergosterol;
• Vitamin D ₃ - cholecalciferol, isolated from animal tissues, its provitamin - 7-dehydrocholesterol;
• Vitamin D ₄ - 22, 23-dihydro-ergocalciferol;
• Vitamin D ₅ - 24 etilholekaltsiferol (sitokaltsiferol) isolated from the oils of wheat;
• Vitamin D ₆ - 22-digidroetilkaltsiferol (stigma-calciferol).

Today, vitamin D is two vitamins - D ₂ and D ₃ - ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol - is the crystals, colorless, odorless, resistant to high temperatures. These vitamins are fat soluble, that is, dissolve in fats and organic compounds, and insoluble in water.

Active vitamin D is expressed in International Units (ME): 1 ME contains 0.000025 mg (0.025 CIM) of pure vitamin D. 1 mg = 40 IU

Units

The amount of vitamin D is measured in international units (IU).

1 IU 0.025 mg cholecalciferol 40 IU 1 mg of cholecalciferol

Sources

vegetable animals synthesis in the body alfalfa, horsetail, nettle, parsley egg yolk, butter, cheese, fish oil, eggs, dairy products holekaltsiferol formed in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet rays of sunlight

Vitamin D is produced in the skin by the action of sunlight from the provitamin. Provitamins, in turn, comes in part from the body as a finished product from plants (ergosterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol), and partly form in the tissues of cholesterol (7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin of vitamin D ₃ ).

Provided that the body is getting enough ultraviolet light, the need for vitamin D is compensated completely.However, the amount of vitamin D, synthesized by the action of sunlight depends on factors such as:

• wavelength of light (the most effective medium wave spectrum that we get in the morning and at sunset);
• pigmentation of the skin and the original (darker skin, the less vitamin D is produced by the action of sunlight);
• age (aging skin loses its ability to produce vitamin D);
• atmospheric pollution (industrial emissions and dust will not miss the range of ultraviolet rays, potentiate the synthesis of vitamin D, which explains, in particular, the high prevalence of rickets in children in Africa and Asia in the industrial cities.)

Additional food sources of vitamin D are dairy products, fish oil, egg yolk. However, in practice, milk and dairy products do not always contain vitamin D, or contains only trace (small) number (for example, 100 grams of cow's milk contains only 0.05 mg of vitamin D), so their consumption, unfortunately, can not guarantee the coverage of our need for this vitamin. In addition, the milk contains a large amount of phosphorus, which prevents the absorption of vitamin D.

Action

The main function of vitamin D - to ensure normal growth and development of bones, prevent rickets and osteoporosis. It regulates mineral metabolism and promotes the deposition of calcium in bone and dentin, thus preventing osteomalacia (softening) of the bones.

In the body, vitamin D is absorbed in the proximal small intestine, and always in the presence of bile. Part of it is absorbed into the middle of the small intestine, a small part - in the ileum. After picking calciferol found in the chylomicrons in the free form, and only partially in the form of ether. Bioavailability of 60-90%.

Vitamin D affects the overall metabolism in the metabolism of Ca2 + and phosphate (NRO2-4). First, it stimulates the intestinal absorption of calcium, phosphate and magnesium. An important effect of vitamin in this process is to increase the permeability of the intestinal epithelium of Ca2 + and R.

Vitamin D is unique - it is the only vitamin that acts as both a vitamin and a hormone. He supported as vitamin levels of inorganic P and Ca in plasma above the threshold and increases the absorption of calcium in the small intestine.

As the hormone action of the active metabolite of vitamin D - 1,25-dioksiholekatsiferol formed in the kidneys. It affects the cells of the intestine, kidney, and muscle: in the gut stimulates carrier protein required for the transport of calcium, and kidney and muscle increases the reabsorption of Ca + +.

Vitamin D ₃ affects the nucleus of target cells and stimulates the transcription of DNA and RNA, which is accompanied by increased synthesis of specific proteid.

However, the role of vitamin D is not limited to the protection of bones, it determines susceptibility to skin diseases, heart disease and cancer. In geographic areas where food is poor in vitamin D, increased incidence of atherosclerosis, arthritis, diabetes, especially juvenile.

He warns weak muscles, improves immunity (the level of vitamin D in the blood is one of the criteria for assessing the life expectancy of AIDS patients), is necessary for thyroid function and normal blood clotting.

Thus, with topical vitamin D ₃ reduces the characteristic scaly skin of psoriasis.

There is evidence that by improving the absorption of calcium and magnesium, vitamin D helps the body to restore the protective sheath surrounding nerves, so it is included in the complex therapy of multiple sclerosis.

Vitamin D ₃ is involved in the regulation of blood pressure (eg, hypertension in pregnancy), and heart rate.

Vitamin D inhibits the growth of cancer cells, and that makes it effective in the prevention and treatment of breast, ovarian, prostate, brain, and leykimii.

Daily maintenance

The recommended daily requirement of vitamin D as a function of age in Russia, the UK and the U.S. (mg)

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 preg- variables cor- myaschie Russia 10 10 10 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 10 10

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 preg- variables cor- myaschie Great Britain 8.5 (6 months). 7 (of 7 months). 7 7 7 7 7 10 10 10 7 7 10 10 10 10 10 USA 7.5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 10 10 10 5 5 10 10

Increased requirement for vitamin D is higher in people that lack of UV radiation:

• living in high latitudes,
• inhabitants of regions with high air pollution,
• working the night shift or just nocturnal,
• bedridden patients who have never been in the open air.

People with dark skin (Negroid race, tanned people) synthesis of vitamin D in the skin is reduced. The same is true of the elderly (they have the ability to convert pro-vitamins in the vitamin D is reduced by half), and those who adhere to a vegetarian diet, or inadequate intake of fish fat.

Adversely affect the absorption of vitamin D and bowel disorders of the liver, gall bladder dysfunction.

Pregnant and lactating women need for vitamin D increases as it must be additional to prevent rickets in children.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

The main symptom of vitamin D is rickets and softening of the bones (osteomalacia).

Milder forms of vitamin D appear symptoms such as:

• loss of appetite, weight loss,
• burning sensation in the mouth and throat,
• insomnia,
• blurred vision.

Statement

Testimony to receive vitamin D are:

• hypo-and vitamin D (rickets)
• fractures
• osteoporosis, senile, and in patients receiving corticosteroids
• Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia
• osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone marrow)
• osteomalacia
• delayed callus formation
• renal osteodystrophy genesis
• hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism with osteomalacia
• lupus erythematosus, mainly affecting the skin
• chronic gastritis with achlorhydria
• chronic enteritis with malabsorption syndrome (including gluten enteropathy, Whipple's disease, Crohn's disease, radiation enteritis)
• enterocolitis, flowing with osteoporosis
• Chronic pancreatitis with secretory deficiency
• tuberculosis

Also advisable to use when:

• arthritis,
• hemorrhagic diathesis,
• hay fever,
• psoriasis,
• tetany, caused by dysfunction of the parathyroid glands,
• peri-and postmenopausal
• to improve the body's immune properties.

Dosages

Vitamin D ₂ (ergocalciferol) is prescribed to pregnant women for the prevention of rickets in children in the 30-32-weeks gestation divided doses for 10 days, only the course 400000-600000 ME; nursing mothers - 500 ME daily from the first days of feeding before of the drug in children.

In order to prevent rickets children begin to ergocalciferol with three weeks of age, the total dose per course - 300000 ME.

Prescribed for the treatment of rickets 2000-5000 ME daily for 30-45 days.

In the treatment with high doses of vitamin D to simultaneously administer vitamin A and ascorbic acid and B vitamins

In order to prevent usually prescribe vitamin D ₃ (cholecalciferol), usually at 300-500 ME day.

Safety

Vitamin D is fat-soluble and therefore accumulate in the body, so if you overdose may cause serious problems.

Because vitamin D increases calcium in the blood, its excessive consumption can lead to excess calcium.In this case, calcium can enter the blood vessels and induce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. This process can be accelerated by magnesium deficiency in the body.

Vitamin D preparations are contraindicated in diseases such as:

• hypercalcemia,
• tuberculosis (active form)
• peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcers,
• acute and chronic diseases of the liver and kidneys,
• organic heart disease.

Do not take vitamin D without calcium.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis

In the application of inadequate doses of vitamin D and long-term treatment develop acute or chronic poisoning (D-hypervitaminosis).

With an overdose of vitamin D observed:

• weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea,
• sharp pains in the joints, headaches, muscle pain,
• fever, high blood pressure, seizures, slow pulse, difficulty breathing.

Prolonged use of vitamin D in high doses or use it in very high doses can cause:

• stromal bone resorption, osteoporosis, bone demineralization,
• increased synthesis of mucopolysaccharides in the soft tissues (blood vessels, heart valves, etc.) and their subsequent calcification;
• salt deposits Ca + + in the kidneys, blood vessels, heart, lungs, intestines, causing widespread dysfunction of these organs (asthenia, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, thirst, polyuria, ossalgiya and arthralgia).

Interaction

• When taking drugs that lower cholesterol levels, it is necessary to take into account that they may violate the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins, so vitamin D should be conducted at different times with hyperlipidemic agents.
• Acceptance of mineral laxatives prevents the absorption of vitamin D, a synthetic laxatives can disrupt the exchange of vitamin D and calcium.
• Corticosteroid hormones contribute to the removal of vitamin D from the body and also violate the absorption and calcium metabolism.
• Barbiturates, and phenytoin also disrupt normal metabolism of vitamin D, so that may develop rickets and osteomalacia in adults.
• Some anti-inflammatory drugs (paraaminosalitsilat) may change the exchange of vitamin D and disturb the balance of calcium and phosphorus.
• Vitamin D may reduce the effectiveness of cardiac glycosides.
• Antacids and steroids (cortisone) also affect the absorption of vitamin D.
• Vitamin D in large doses can lead to iron deficiency. This is explained by the fact that vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the intestine, calcium competes for the absorption of the iron.
• Vitamin D promotes intestinal absorption of magnesium and does not allow to lose the urine phosphate.
• Normal metabolism of vitamin D in the liver (where activated previous forms) is not possible with a deficiency of vitamin E.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Description

Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. First isolated in 1923-1927. Zilva (SS Zilva) of lemon juice.

Vitamin C - a powerful antioxidant. It plays an important role in the regulation of redox processes involved in the synthesis of collagen and procollagen, metabolism of folic acid and iron, as well as the synthesis of steroid hormones and catecholamines. Ascorbic acid also regulates blood clotting, normalizes capillary permeability, need for blood, anti-inflammatory and potivoallergicheskoe action.

Vitamin C is a factor in protecting the body From the effects of stress. Enhances repair processes, increases resistance to infection. Reduces the effects of different allergens. There are many theoretical and experimental conditions for the use of vitamin C to prevent cancer. It is known that in cancer patients due to the depletion of its reserves in the tissues often develop symptoms of vitamin A deficiency, which adds to their introduction.

There are data showing the preventive role of vitamin C against cancer of the colon, esophagus, bladder, and endometrial (Block G., Epidemiology, 1992, 3 (3), 189-191.)

Vitamin C improves the body's ability to absorb calcium and iron, removes toxic copper, lead and mercury.

Importantly, in the presence of adequate amounts of vitamin C significantly increases the stability of vitamins B ₁ , B ₂ , A, E, pantothenic and folic acid. Vitamin C protects LDL cholesterol from oxidation and, consequently, the vascular walls of the oxidized forms of cholesterol deposits.

The ability to cope with the emotional and physical burden of stress is more dependent on vitamin C than from any other vitamin. The adrenal glands that secrete hormones necessary to act in stressful situations, contain more ascorbate than any other body part. Vitamin C helps the development of these stress hormones and protects the body from toxins produced during their metabolism.

Our body can not store vitamin C, so you must always get it later. Since it is water soluble and is exposed to a temperature, cooking with heat treatment destroys it.

Sources

A significant amount of ascorbic acid found in plant foods (citrus fruits, leafy green vegetables, cantaloupe, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, black currants, peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, apples, apricots, peaches, persimmons, buckthorn, dog rose, rowan, baked potatoes in 'uniform'). In foods of animal origin - brought low (liver, adrenal glands, kidneys).

Herbs rich in vitamin C: alfalfa, mullein, burdock root, chickweed, eyebright, fennel seed, fenugreek, hops, horsetail, kelp, peppermint, nettle, oat, cayenne pepper, red pepper, parsley, pine needles, yarrow, plantain , raspberry leaf, red clover, rose hips, skullcap, violet leaves, sorrel.

Vitamin C content in some foods (in mg per 100 g)

Name of food Amount of ascorbic acid Name of food Amount of ascorbic acid Vegetables Fruits and berries Eggplant 5 Apricots 10 Canned green peas 10 Oranges 50 Fresh green peas 25 Watermelon 7 Courgettes 10 Bananas 10 Cabbage 40 Cowberry 15 Sauerkraut 20 Grapes 4 Cauliflower 75 Cherry 15 Stale potato 10 Pomegranate 5 Potatoes new compiled 25 Pear 8 Green onions 27 Melon 20 Carrots 8 Pine strawberry 60 Cucumbers 15 Cranberries 15 Green bell pepper 125 Gooseberry 40 Red Pepper 250 Lemons 50 Radishes 50 Raspberries 25 Radish 20 Tangerines 30 Turnip 20 Peaches 10 Salad 15 Plum 8 Tomato juice 15 Red currant 40 Tomato paste 25 Black currants 250 Red tomatoes 35 Blueberries 5 Horseradish 110-200 Dried rosehips Up to 1500 Garlic Traces Apples, antonovka 30 Spinach 30 Apples northern varieties 20 Sorrel 60 Southern varieties of apples 5.10 Dairy produce Koumiss 20 Mare's milk 25 Goat's milk 3 Cow milk 2

Romanovsky, VE, Sinkova EA, vitamins and vitamin therapy. Series 'Medicine for you.' - Rostov n / a 'Phoenix', 2000, 320 p.

Remember that only a few people, and especially children are eating enough fruits and vegetables, which are the main food sources of the vitamin. Thermal processing, storage and biochemical products lead to the destruction of much of the vitamin C, which we might otherwise get from food. Even more it burns in the body under stress, smoking and other sources of cell damage, such as smoke and smog. Commonly used medications, such as aspirin and birth control pills, to a great extent, our bodies are deprived of the amounts of the vitamin, which we managed to get.

In addition to vitamin supplements to prevent hypovitaminosis used rose hips. Rose hips have a relatively high content of ascorbic acid (not less than 0.2%) and is widely used as a source of vitamin C. Use collected at maturity and dried fruits of different species of shrubs, wild rose. They contain, in addition to vitamin C, vitamin K, P, sugars, organic, including tanning, and other substances. Used as a tincture, extracts, syrups, pills, candies, dragees.

The infusion of rose hips prepared as follows: 10 g (1 tablespoon) of fruit placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 cup) of hot boiled water, close lid and heated in a water bath (boiling in water) for 15 minutes, then cooled at room temperature for at least 45 minutes, strain. Remaining raw squeeze and bring the volume received infusion of boiled water to 200 ml. Take 1/2 cup 2 times a day after meals. Children are 1/3 cup at a reception. To improve the taste, you can add sugar to the infusion or fruit syrup.

Rosehip syrup is made from the juice of fruits of various kinds of wild rose extract and berries (mountain ash, black chokeberry, viburnum, hawthorn berries, cranberries, etc.) with the addition of sugar and ascorbic acid. 1 ml contains about 4 mg of ascorbic acid and vitamin E, and other substances. Assign children (proactive) and 1/2 teaspoon or 1 dessert spoon (depending on age) 2 - 3 times a day, washing it down with water.

Daily maintenance

The daily requirement of vitamins C depends on several factors: age, gender, work performed, the state of pregnancy or breast-feeding, climate, bad habits.

• Illness, stress, fever, exposure to toxic effects (such as cigarette smoke) increases the need for vitamin C.
• In hot climates, and in the far north the need for vitamin C increases by 30-50 per cent. Young body absorb vitamin C than an older, so the elderly need for vitamin C increases slightly.
• Proved that contraceptives (oral contraceptives) lower levels of vitamin C in the blood and increase the daily need for it.

The weighted average rate of the physiological needs of 60-100 mg per day. The usual therapeutic dose of 500-1500 mg daily.

The recommended daily requirement for vitamin C

Category Age (years) Vitamin C (mg) Infants 0-0,5 30 0,5-1 35 Children 3.1 40 4.6 45 7.10 45 Males 11-14 50 15-18 60 19-24 60 25-50 60 51 and older 60 Females 11-14 50 15-18 60 19-24 60 25-50 60 51 and older 60 In pregnancy 70 During lactation 95

Divide the daily dose of vitamin C in some parts. Body quickly uses vitamin C as soon as it gets. Much more useful to support the continuing high concentration of vitamin A, which is easily achieved by dividing the total daily dose into several smaller doses taken during the day.

Raise and lower the dose gradually. Not shock your body with a sudden injection of large amounts of vitamin C.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

According to the head of the laboratory of vitamins and minerals, the Institute of Nutrition prof. VB Spirichev, surveys in different regions of Russia, shows that the vast majority of children of preschool and school-age lacks necessary for their normal growth and development of vitamins.

Particularly unfavorable situation with vitamin C, the lack of which was detected in 80-90% of the children.

In a study of children in hospitals in Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities of vitamin C deficiency is found in 60-70%.

The depth of the deficit increases in winter and spring, but many children lack of supply of vitamins is maintained even in the more favorable summer and autumn months.

But inadequate intake of vitamins significantly reduces the activity of the immune system, increases the frequency and severity increases respiratory and gastro-intestinal diseases. According to local researchers, the lack of ascorbic acid in school children in 2 times reduces the ability of white blood cells trapped in the body to destroy disease-causing microbes, resulting in the frequency of acute respiratory diseases increased by 26-40%, and vice versa, vitamins significantly reduced the frequency of acute respiratory rate.

Failure may be exogenous (due to lack of ascorbic acid in food) and endogenous (due to violation of absorption and assimilation of vitamin C in the body).

In case of insufficiency of vitamins for a long time may develop vitamin deficiencies. Possible symptoms of vitamin C deficiency:

• bleeding gums
• agomphiasis
• easy bruising
• poor wound healing
• lethargy
• hair loss
• xerosis
• irritability
• general soreness
• joint pain
• a sense of comfort
• depression.

Safety of vitamin C when cooked

Name of course Safety of vitamin compared to the starting material in% Cabbage cooked with broth (cooking 1:00) 50 Soup, stand on a hot plate at 70-75 ° 3:00 20 However, the acidification 50 Soup, stand on a hot plate at 70-75 ° 6:00 10 Cabbage sauerkraut (cooking 1:00) 50 Stewed cabbage 15 Fried potatoes raw, finely chopped 35 Potatoes varivshiysya 25-30 minutes in the skin 75 However, the purified 60 Peeled potatoes, lay 24 hours in water at room temperature 80 Mashed potatoes 20 Potato Soup 50 However, standing on a hot plate at 70-75 ° 3:00 30 However, standing 6:00 traces Boiled carrots 40

From the book OP Molchanova 'Fundamentals of nutrition', Medgiz, 1949.

Statement

• prevention and treatment of hypo-and avitaminosis
• providing increased need for vitamin C:
  • during growth,
  • during pregnancy and lactation,
  • with severe physical stress,
  • with fatigue,
  • during recovery from a serious illness,
  • in winter with an increased risk of infectious disease
  • haemorrhagic diathesis
  • bleeding (nose, lung, uterine, etc.)
  • overdose of anticoagulants
  • in infectious diseases and intoxications
  • nephropathy in pregnant
  • liver
  • Addison's disease
  • at vyalozazhivayuschie wounds and fractures
  • dystrophy.

Safety

Contraindications to the use

• increased sensitivity to ascorbic acid

Side effects

• allergic reaction
• possibility of hypervitaminosis at high dosages.

The use of vitamin C giperdoz

A. Polling suggests that most colds can be prevented or mitigated by diet with ascorbic acid. He is convinced that in one or two decades, with ascorbic acid can be in most of the world to eliminate the common cold. Polling for this recommended daily intake of ascorbic acid from 0.25 to 10 g, considering the optimal dose of 0.25 g four times a day with meals. Upon contact with the sick, tired, or hypothermia dose should be increased. At the beginning of colds he recommends in the first 4 days to 4 g of ascorbic acid, the next 3-4 days, 3 g, and then within 6-8 days the dose is reduced to 2 and 1, the

According to calculations L. Polling every person should consume in a year 0.5 kg of ascorbic acid (about 1.5 g per day).

However, given the possible overdose of ascorbic acid, L. Polling hypothesis now requires serious and prolonged study.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis

Vitamin C is well tolerated even at high doses.

However:

• At too high doses reception may develop diarrhea.
• Large doses can cause hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) in patients suffering from the lack of a specific enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Therefore, people with such a violation can take high doses of vitamin C only under strict medical supervision.
• Ascorbic acid if taken in large doses, along with aspirin, may cause irritation of the stomach, thus, develop an ulcer (ascorbic acid as calcium ascorbate has a neutral reaction and is less invasive to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract).
• In the application of vitamin C with aspirin should also be aware that large doses of aspirin may increase the release of vitamin C through the kidneys and loss of his urine and, therefore, some time later to a deficiency of vitamin.
• Vitamin C helps the absorption of aluminum in the gut, and because aluminum is in excess can be toxic, you should not take additional amounts of ascorbic acid, while drugs that contain aluminum (eg Almatel).
• Large doses of vitamin C (1 g or more) may change the ability to absorb vitamin B ₁₂ from food or from supplements. This can lead to a deficiency of vitamin B ₁₂ , which is dangerous. If you are taking high doses of vitamin C, you should periodically ask the doctor to control the level of vitamin B ₁₂levels. If it is dropped, you may be necessary from time to time to receive an additional amount of vitamin B ₁₂ by injection.
• Chewy candy and chewing gum with vitamin C can damage the enamel of the teeth should rinse your mouth or brush your teeth after they are received.
• During pregnancy is not recommended to take too high doses of vitamin C, since the fetus may be addictive.
• It should appoint a high-dose patients with increased blood clotting, thrombophlebitis and a tendency to thrombosis, and diabetes. With long-term use of large doses of ascorbic acid may inhibition of the function insular apparatus of the pancreas. During treatment should regularly monitor its functional capacity. In connection with the stimulating effect of ascorbic acid on the formation of corticosteroids in the treatment of high doses necessary to monitor renal function and blood pressure.

WHO Expert Committee introduced the concept of the acceptable daily dose course of vitamin C, which is less than 2.5 mg / kg body weight, and conditionally acceptable daily dose of vitamin C, which is 7.5 mg / kg (Shilov PI Yakovlev T . N., 1974).

The latest data

In studying the effect of vitamin C on passive smokers found that people who are in smoke-filled rooms, experiencing oxidative stress, which accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis.

Conclusion: passive smokers need subsidies vitamin C.

Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin)

Description

Vitamin B ₁₂ - the only water-soluble vitamin that can accumulate in the body - it is deposited in the liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen.

Cyanocobalamin - a crystalline powder of dark red color and odorless.

Cyanocobalamin is relatively stable to light and high temperatures.

Sources

Vegetable Animals Synthesis in the body Seaweed, soy and soy products, yeast, hops Liver, kidney, beef, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, oysters, herring, mackerel

Action

The active form of vitamin B ₁₂ is adenosylcobalamin or kobamamin.

Cyanocobalamin has a strong lipotropic action, he warns fatty liver, increases the consumption of oxygen by cells in acute and chronic hypoxia.

Vitamin B ₁₂ is involved in the processes of transmethylation, hydrogen transport, activates the synthesis of methionine. Enhancing the synthesis and the ability to accumulate the protein in the body, has also uianookbalamin anabolic effect.

Increasing the phagocytic activity of white blood cells and activating activity of the reticuloendothelial system, tsianookbalamin strengthens immunity. Low levels of cyanocobalamin twice accelerates disease progression in people with AIDS.

Also vitamin B ₁₂ plays an important role in the regulation of blood-forming organs: it is involved in the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids required for the process of erythropoiesis, an active influence on the accumulation in erythrocytes of compounds containing sulfhydryl groups.

Cyanocobalamin depends on the availability of a wide range of emotional and cognitive abilities.Maintaining an optimal level of vitamin helps prevent depression, dementia and confusion of thought, helps to contain the decay of mental activity as a result of AIDS.

Vitamin B ₁₂ helps to overcome insomnia, and helps to adjust to the changes in sleep and wakefulness, which is explained by the participation of cyanocobalamin in the synthesis of melatonin.

Cyanocobalamin helps normalize low blood pressure.

Vitamin B ₁₂ is one of the substances necessary for the health of the reproductive organs of men and women, so it is able to correct the reduction of sperm in the semen.

Daily maintenance

Table. The recommended daily requirement for vitamin B ₁₂ as a function of age in Russia, the UK and the U.S. (mg)

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 preg- variables cor- myaschie Russia 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 preg- variables cor- myaschie Great Britain 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 USA 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1

Need for cyanocobalamin increases with alcohol consumption and smoking.

As cyanocobalamin supplementation needs to vegetarians, because This vitamin is found mainly in animal products.

Increased need for vitamin B ₁₂ in pregnancy, the elderly, AIDS patients and patients with chronic diarrhea.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

Poor absorption of food, constipation, enlargement of the liver

Chronic fatigue, irritability, depression, dizziness, ringing in the ears, drowsiness, headache, shortness of breath, visual disturbances, hallucinations, memory loss.

Pernicious anemia, neurological disorders, immunodeficiencies, gastroduodenitis, peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

Even a small reduction of cyanocobalamin in the blood than normal can cause significant damage to the brain and nervous system.

Statement

The use of cyanocobalamin is indicated in patients with pernicious anemia, agastricheskoy hyperchromic anemia, anemia in pregnant women, as well as diseases of the liver and chronic pancreatitis.

Expedient of vitamin B ₁₂ in radiation sickness, diseases of the nervous system (multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, sciatica, polio, cerebral palsy, etc.), allergic diseases (asthma, urticaria).

The use of vitamin B ₁₂ is shown in premature and newborn infants after infection.

Dosages

For the treatment of cyanocobalamin administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously in 0.1-0.2 mg 1 time in 2 days.

When administered cyanocobalamin is poorly absorbed, absorption can be somewhat improved by simultaneous administration of folic acid.

Acceptance of cyanocobalamin is contraindicated in acute thromboembolism eritremii, erythrocytosis.Caution should be used tsianookbalamin in patients with angina.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis

Side effects of overdose tsianookbalamina:

• pulmonary edema;
• congestive heart failure;
• Peripheral vascular thrombosis;
• hives;
• rare - anaphylactic shock.

Interaction

Cyanocobalamin may prevent absorption of potassium. Since cyanocobalamin accumulates in the body, while taking potassium short course no danger, but long-term use of potassium (eg, patients on diuretics) can lead to depletion of cyanocobalamin.

When receiving antihyperlipidemic of disturbed absorption of vitamin B ₁₂ .

Corticosteroid hormones and antipsychotics promotes leaching cyanocobalamin.

Cyanocobalamin deficiency may occur when taking anti-TB drugs.

Vitamin C in large amounts can affect your ability to absorb vitamin B ₁₂ from food.