Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine)

Description

Activity of vitamin B ₆ has a group of compounds, pyridine derivatives (pyridoxine (piridoksol), pyridoxal and pyridoxamine), collectively called 'pyridoxine'.

Pyridoxine is highly soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, fat solvents.

Pyridoxine is rapidly destroyed by light, but resistant to oxygen and high temperatures.

Sources

vegetable animals synthesis in the body Unrefined cereal grains, green leafy vegetables, yeast, buckwheat and peshenichnaya cereals, rice, beans, carrots, avocados, bananas, walnuts, syrup, cabbage, corn, field mustard, potatoes, soybeans. Herbs: plantain, alfalfa, catnip, oat straw. Meat, fish, oysters, milk, cod liver oil and cattle, kidney, heart, egg yolk. Synthesized by intestinal microflora.

Action

Plays an important role in metabolism, essential for the normal functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system, is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. In the phosphorylated form maintained throughout the decarboxylation, transamination, deamination of amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins, enzymes, hemoglobin, and prostaglandin metabolism of serotonin, catecholamines, glutamate, GABA, histamine, improves the use of non-saturated fatty acids, lowers cholesterol and blood lipids, improves myocardial contractility, contributes to the transformation of folic acid into its active form, stimulates hematopoiesis.

Atherosclerosis vitamin B ₆ improves lipid metabolism.

Daily maintenance

The recommended daily requirement for vitamin B ₆ as a function of age in Russia, the UK and the U.S. (mg)

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 preg- variables cor- myaschie Russia 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.8 2 2 + 0,3 + 0,5

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 preg- variables cor- myaschie Great Britain 0.2 0,3-0,4 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 incr.dose incr.dose USA 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.1

The need for pyridoxine increases with antidepressants and oral contraceptives, during times of stress and high stress, and in drinkers and smokers.

Elevated levels of protein in the diet, rich in tryptophan, methionine, cysteine, and intestinal infections also increase the need for pyridoxine.

Higher doses of vitamin B ₆ are needed for AIDS, hepatitis, radiation sickness.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

Possible consequences of deficiency of vitamin B ₆ :

• convulsions, depression, irritability, lethargy, increased anxiety, insomnia
• dermatitis on the face, above the eyebrows, around the eyes, and sometimes on the neck and scalp, dry dermatitis of the nasolabial folds, seborrhea, glossitis, cheilosis with vertical cracks lips, stomatitis
• loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting (especially in pregnant women)
• conjunctivitis, polyneuritis upper and lower extremities

Lack of pyridoxine leads to a decrease of the index of the immune system, as the number of T-lymphocytes.

Statement

Indications for use:

• In the _six -hypovitaminosis
• toxemia of pregnancy
• anemia
• leukopenia different etiologies
• diseases of the nervous system (parkinsonism, chorea, the disease Little, radiculitis, neuritis, neuralgia)
• Meniere's disease
• sea ​​and air sickness
• acute and chronic hepatitis

There is evidence of the effectiveness of pyridoxine in atherosclerosis and diabetes (lowers glycated hemoglobin), in addition, pyridoxine acts as a diuretic, helping to reduce high blood pressure, thus protecting the cardiovascular system in several ways.

Several studies have shown the effectiveness of pyridoxine in depression: it has a positive effect on the production of norepinephrine and serotonin.

In dermatology vitamin B ₆ is used in the following cases:

• seboreepodobnye neseboreynye and dermatitis
• shingles
• neurodermatitis
• psoriasis
• exudative diathesis.

High doses of vitamin B ₆ in the treatment protocols include:

• childhood autism and enuresis
• generalized anxiety
• to combination therapy with antiepileptic drugs potentiated

Pyridoxine is included in the treatment protocol 'withdrawal from binge' and symptoms of hangover.

Dosages

Pyridoxine is used inside (after eating), subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. Parenteral vitamin B ₆ is introduced in violation of absorption in the intestine, and also in cases where ingestion is not possible (eg, vomiting).

Therapeutic doses when administered for adults is 0.02-0.03 g 1-2 times a day for children reduce the dose. The course of treatment is 1-2 months.

Parenterally administered to adults 0.05-0.1 g per day (in 1-2 divided doses) for children - to 0.02 g treatment for adults is 1 month for children - 2 weeks.

Safety

Overall, pyridoxine well tolerated. In some cases, allergic reactions (skin rash, etc.).

Precautions should be given pyridoxine:

• patients with gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer (in connection with a possible increase in the acidity of gastric juice)
• in severe liver damage
• patients with coronary heart disease

With a parenteral vitamin B ₆ should not be mixed in the same syringe with cyanocobalamin (vitamin B ₁₂ ) and thiamine (vitamin B ₁ ).

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis

• allergic reactions such as hives
• sometimes can increase the acidity of gastric juice
• doses of 200 to 5000 mg or more can cause numbness and tingling in the arms and legs, and loss of feeling in the same areas

Interaction

Chelating compounds ('chelating'), such as penicillamine and kuprimin, bind and inactivate vitamin B ₆ .

Corticosteroid hormones (hydrocortisone, etc.) can also lead to leaching of vitamin B ₆ .

When receiving estrogen preparations there is a strong vitamin B ₆ .

Admission anticonvulsant and anti-TB drugs can lead to a deficiency of vitamin B ₆ , but in this case, care should be taken to take pyridoxine, as large doses may disrupt the action of the drug.

Absorption and assimilation pyridoxine broken with regular use of alcohol-based products.

Vitamin B ₆ may decrease the effectiveness of the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Vitamin B 5 (pantothenic acid, calcium pantothenate)

Description

Pantothenic acid gets its name from the Greek "pantothenic" which means "everywhere", because of the extremely wide dissemination.

Pantothenic acid enters the body, turns into pantetin, which is part of coenzyme A, which plays an important role in the oxidation and acetylation. Coenzyme A - one of the few substances in the body, and is involved in metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Vitamin B ₅ is required for metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, amino acids, the synthesis of essential fatty acids, cholesterol, histamine, acetylcholine, hemoglobin.

Pantothenic acid is sensitive to heat, the heat treatment is lost almost 50% of the vitamin.

Sources

vegetable animals synthesis in the body Peas, yeast, hazelnuts, green leafy vegetables, buckwheat and oat cereals, cauliflower. Liver, kidney, heart, chicken, egg yolk, milk, fish eggs. Produced in significant quantities coli.

Pantothenic acid [D (+) a , G -dihydroxy- B , B -dimetilbutiril- B -alanine] is widely distributed in nature.

Action

The most important property of vitamin B ₅ is its ability to stimulate the production of adrenal hormones - glucocorticoids, making it a powerful tool for the treatment of diseases such as arthritis, colitis, allergies and heart disease.

It plays an important in the formation of antibodies, promotes the absorption of other vitamins and also takes part in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.

Pantothenic acid is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. She normalize lipid metabolism and activates the redox processes in the body.

Pantothenic acid has a significant lipid-lowering effect caused apparently by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the major classes of lipids that form in the liver lipoprotein and very low density.

Daily maintenance

The recommended daily requirement for vitamin B ₅ , depending on the age of the U.S. (mg)

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 preg- variables cor- myaschie USA 2 3 4.3 4.3 5.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4

The need for vitamin B ₅ is increased in heavy physical activity, as well as in nursing women.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

Vitamin K deficiency can result in low content in the diet of protein, fat, vitamin C, B vitamins, small bowel disease with malabsorption syndrome, and long-term use of many antibiotics and sulfonamides.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis:

• fatigue
• depression
• somnopathy
• fatigue
• Headaches
• nausea
• muscle pain
• burning, tingling, numbness in the toes
• burning, excruciating pain in the lower extremities, mostly at night
• redness stop
• dyspepsia
• ulcer 12 duodenal ulcer

When pantothenic deficiency decreases the body's resistance to infection, often caused acute respiratory disease.

Statement

As drug use calcium pantothenate.

The indications for admission are:

• various pathological conditions associated with impaired metabolism
• polyneuritis, neuralgia, paraesthesia
• eczema
• bronchitis (acute and chronic), asthma
• allergic reactions (dermatitis, hay fever, etc.)
• sores, burns
• toxemia of pregnancy
• hyperthyroidism
• tuberculosis
• circulatory failure
• chronic liver disease
• Chronic pancreatitis
• digestive diseases infectious nature (gastro, etc.)
• hypomotor intestinal dyskinesia

In surgery calcium pantothenate is used to eliminate intestinal atony after operations on the gastrointestinal tract.

Calcium pantothenate is used in the treatment of withdrawal symptoms in patients with alcoholism.

Vitamin B ₅ proved to be effective in large doses (up to 10 grams per day) in the treatment of acne (acne).

Dosages

Calcium pantothenate administered orally, intramuscularly or intravenously.

Into adults appoint 0.1-0.2 g 2-4 times a day for children 1 to 3 years - 0.005-0.1 g, 3 to 14 years - 0.1-0.2 g 2 times a day. The daily dose for adults - 0.4-0.8 g, for children - 0.1-0.4 g

In dermatology vitamin B ₅ is used in high doses: in adults of 1.5 g per day, children at 0.1-0.3 g 2-3 times a day.

Safety

Calcium pantothenate is well tolerated. If ingestion may diarrheal phenomenon, with intramuscular injections - pain.

Interaction

Calcium pantothenate improves cardiac glycosides.

Reduces the toxic effects of streptomycin and other anti-TB drugs.

Vitamin B ₅ is necessary for normal absorption and metabolism of folic acid.

Vitamin B 2

Description

Riboflavin is destroyed by light, is poorly soluble in water (solubility increases with decreasing pH) and alcohol.

Biologically active form of riboflavin is flavinadenindinukleotid, synthesized in the human kidney, liver and other tissues. Another derivative of riboflavin - riboflavin-5-phosphoric acid occurs naturally in yeast. Thanks to them, provided the normal course of redox processes in the body.

Sources

vegetable animals synthesis in the body Yeast, leafy green vegetables, cereals (buckwheat and oatmeal), peas, seeds and skins of cereals, bread. Liver, kidney, meat, fish, cheese, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, egg white. Synthesized by microorganisms, includingmicroflora of the colon.

Vitamin B ₂ is widely distributed in nature. In the body mainly comes from meat and dairy products.

Action

Vitamin B ₂ intensifies the metabolic processes in the body, by participating in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Riboflavin is necessary for red blood cells and antibodies for cell respiration and growth. It facilitates the absorption of oxygen by the cells of the skin, hair and nails.

It improves the condition of the organ of vision, taking, along with vitamin A, participate in the process of dark adaptation, reduces eye fatigue and plays a major role in the prevention of cataracts.

Vitamin B ₂ has a positive effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.

Riboflavin to minimize the negative impact of different toxins on the respiratory tract.

Riboflavin is necessary for the metabolism of tryptophan, which is converted in the body to niacin.

One of the most valuable qualities of riboflavin is its ability to accelerate the transformation of the body pyridoxine - Vitamin B ₆ - in its active form.

Daily maintenance

The recommended daily requirement for vitamin B ₂ as a function of age in Russia, the UK and the U.S. (mg)

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 preg- variables cor- myaschie Russia 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.3 0.3 0.5

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 preg- variables cor- myaschie Great Britain 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 USA 0.6 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.8

The need for riboflavin increases with exercise, as well as oral contraceptives.

The systematic use of alcohol distorts the uptake mechanism of vitamin B ₂ , so the people who abuse alcohol, the need for increased riboflavin.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

At low content or absence of food riboflavin develops giporiboflavinoz and then aribolfavinoz.

In hypovitaminosis in _two states:

• loss of appetite, drop in body weight
• weakness
• headache, a burning sensation of the skin
• pain in the eyes, night blindness
• soreness at the corners of the mouth and on the lower lip

With the development of the disease:

• crack and peel at the corners of the mouth (angular stomatitis)
• inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth and tongue
• seborrheic dermatitis nasal labial folds
• skin lesions, dermatitis, hair loss
• indigestion
• corneal changes, increased sensitivity to light, conjunctivitis, blepharitis
• dizziness, insomnia, impaired cognitive reaction
• stunting

Riboflavin deficiency primarily affects the tissues that are rich in capillaries and small vessels (brain tissue). With a deficit of common manifestation may be cerebral insufficiency of varying severity, manifested a sense of general weakness, dizziness, decreased tactile and pain sensitivity, increased tendon reflexes, etc.

Lack of riboflavin may also lead to a violation of the absorption of iron and weaken the thyroid gland.

Statement

Hypo-and ariboflavinoze.

Riboflavin is also indicated for:

• night blindness
• conjunctivitis, iritis, keratitis, corneal ulcers, cataracts
• nonhealing wounds and ulcers
• chronic hepatitis
• chronic colitis and enterocolitis
• bowel dysfunction
• common eating disorders
• radiation sickness
• asthenia
• Botkin's disease
• rheumatism
• circulatory failure
• hypadrenia
• thyrotoxicosis
• people working with industrial poisons and heavy metal salts.

Dosages

Vitamin B ₂ is administered orally (in powders, tablets or pills), as well as eye drops and injections.

Single therapeutic dose when administered to adults is 5.10 mg per day, in severe cases - 10 mg 3 times a day. Treatment - 1-1,5 months. Children appoint 2-5 mg and 10 mg per day, depending on age.

Interaction

Antihypertensive drugs (angiotensin-converting enzyme) increase the conversion of riboflavin in the coenzyme form.

Neuroleptics (major tranquilizers - chlorpromazine, propazin, tizertsin, teralen, meterazin, ftorfenazin) inhibit the metabolism of riboflavin, in particular, chlorpromazine blocks riboflavian transformation into one of the coenzyme forms.

Peripheral vasodilators block the conversion of riboflavin coenzyme forms.

Drugs that regulate the function of the thyroid gland (tireodin), increase the conversion of riboflavin in its coenzyme form.

Riboflavin helps iron absorption, its mobilization and conservation.

Also vitamin B ₂ promotes the absorption of pyridoxine (vitamin B ₆ ).

Vitamin B 1 (thiamine)

Description

Vitamin B ₁ - a water-soluble vitamin that is easily destroyed by heat treatment in an alkaline environment.

Phosphorylated form of thiamine - thiamine - is formed in the body and is a precursor of enzymes that play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and, in particular, in the processes of decarboxylation of pyruvic acid-keto acids.

Sources

vegetable animals synthesis in the body Bread and bakery products made ​​of flour, groats, meal (raw rice, oatmeal), wheat germ, rice bran, mustard field, vegetables (asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts), legumes (peas), nuts, oranges, raisins, plums, prunes, rose hips, berries (strawberries forest, bog blueberry, black currant, buckthorn krushevidnaya), yeast, algae (spirulina, kelp), herbs (alfalfa, parsley, peppermint, raspberry leaf, sage, clover, sorrel, burdock root, catnip cat, cayenne pepper, fennel seed, chamomile, fenugreek, hops, nettle, oat straw) Meat (pork, beef), liver, poultry, egg yolk, fish Synthesized by the microflora of the colon

Vitamin B _one comes into contact with food, mostly plant and animal origin, synthesized microflora of the colon.

Most of thiamine found in peas, oats and buckwheat, nuts, fatty pork.

Action

Vitamin B ₁ is required for the oxidative decarboxylation of keto acids (pyruvic and lactic), the synthesis of acetylcholine, it is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy, fat, protein, water-salt metabolism, has a regulating effect on the trophic and the nervous system.

When insufficient intake of thiamine pyruvic and lactic acid accumulates in the tissues, disrupt the synthesis of acetylcholine, resulting in deteriorating function of a number of systems in the first place, nervous, cardiovascular and digestive.

Thiamine improves blood circulation and is involved in hematopoiesis.

Thiamine optimizes cognitive activity and brain function. He has a positive effect on the level of energy, growth, normal appetite, learning and is necessary for muscle tone the digestive tract, stomach and heart.Thiamine acts as an antioxidant, protecting the body from the damaging effects of aging, alcohol and tobacco.

As with all vitamin B, thiamine has chelating properties.

Daily maintenance

The recommended daily requirement for vitamin B ₁ , depending on the age in Russia, the UK and the U.S. (mg)

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 preg- variables cor- myaschie Russia 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.6

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 preg- variables cor- myaschie Great Britain 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 * Dose * Dose USA 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.6

The vast majority of people in need of additional intake of vitamin B ₁ . For example, more thiamine needed if a large part of the diet of cooked food or refined flour and cereal products. Drinkers and tea also need higher doses.

The need for vitamin B ₁ increases during illness and convalescence, in stressful situations, if you exercise, pregnancy and lactation, in patients with hyperthyroidism.

Moreover, the need for thiamine increases with age: older people less able to absorb and metabolize thiamin, they found an increased dosage of B ₁ .

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

At full avitaminosis B ₁ develops the disease beriberi: the body is disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, and accumulate lactic and pyruvic acid. At that the nervous system (polyneuritis, which may end in paralysis), cardiac muscle (it loses its ability to contract effectively, the heart of the patient increases, quickens the pulse), digestive tract (decreased appetite, constipation appear). In patients with a sharp cachexia, common or partial swelling.

Primary characteristics of the developing hypovitaminosis B ₁ are:

Nervous system disorders:

• irritability, feeling of inner restlessness, tearfulness,
• depression,
• insomnia (sometimes resistant)
• loss of memory,
• numbness in hands and feet,
• pain
• itching,
• impairment of coordination,
• chill at room temperature,
• impairment of the function of the brain,
• improve mental and physical fatigue;
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (typical of patients suffering from alcoholism).

From the digestive system:

• loss of appetite,
• a feeling of heaviness or burning sensation in the epigastric region,
• nausea,
• constipation,
• diarrhea,
• weight loss
• enlargement of the liver.

Cardio-vascular system:

• shortness of breath, even with a little physical activity,
• tachycardia,
• hypotension,
• acute cardiovascular insufficiency (may occur in some cases in the absence of timely diagnosis and treatment assignment).

Deficiency of vitamin B ₁ in the serum is found in 25% of patients with AIDS. Chronic thiamine deficiency in patients with AIDS leads to a variety of neurological symptoms, leading to anorexia and weight loss.

Statement

Hypo-and avitaminosis in ₁ (beriberi).

Thiamine is used in diseases of the cardiovascular system, such as:

• circulatory failure,
• myocarditis,
• endoarteriit.

Thiamine supplementation is also required when using diuretics for hypertension, congestive heart failure, as they accelerate its excretion from the body.

Vitamin B ₁ improves the functioning of the nervous system and reduces pain in a variety of neurological diseases. It is indicated for:

• neuritis,
• polyneuritis,
• flaccid paralysis
• astenovegetativnogo syndrome, etc.

In dermatological practice thiamine used in dermatoses neurogenic origin, skin ulcers of various etiologies, pyoderma, eczema, psoriasis.

Thiamine is used for the treatment of organic brain dysfunctions such as 'organic brain syndrome', contributes to a better functioning of the brain in healthy people, increasing learning ability and intelligence in general. In addition, supplementation of vitamin B ₁ contributes to the treatment of depression and some other mental illness. There are data on the preventive effect of thiamine against Alzheimer's disease.

The use of vitamin B ₁ indicated for the treatment of diseases of the digestive system:

• peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcers,
• chronic gastritis associated with impaired motor and secretory functions of the stomach,
• chronic enteritis with malabsorption syndrome (gluten enteropathy, Whipple's disease, Crohn's disease, radiation enteritis)
• enterocolitis,
• hepatitis,
• chronic pancreatitis with secretory insufficiency
• diseases of operated stomach
• cirrhosis of the liver.

Metabolic and endocrine diseases (hyperthyroidism, diabetes, obesity), as an indication for receiving thiamine.

Vitamin B ₁ acts as an antioxidant, protecting the body from the damaging effects of aging, alcohol and tobacco.

Appropriate use of thiamine in the manufacturing contact with carbon disulfide, tetraethyl lead, when working in hot shops.

Dosages

For therapeutic purposes, use of thiamine and thiamine chloride, bromide. Both drugs have a weak characteristic odor of yeast.

Drugs are used inside (after eating) and parenterally.

Doses of thiamine bromide is usually used in higher doses than thiamine chloride 1 mg thiamine chloride corresponds to the activity of 1.29 mg of thiamine bromide.

Doses when administered thiamine chloride for adults is 0.01 g (10 mg) 1-3 times a day. Children under 3 years - 0,005 grams (5 mg) a day, 3-8 years - 3 times a day in a day, over 8 years - 0.01 g 1-3 times a day.The course of treatment - 30 days.

When violations of intestinal absorption and the need for rapid creation of high concentrations of vitamin B₁ in the blood, it is administered intramuscularly: adults 0.025-0.05 g thiamine chloride or 0.03-0.06 g thiamine bromide 1 time a day for children - 0.0125 g of thiamine chloride or bromide, 0.015 g thiamine.The course of treatment - 10-30 injections.

Safety

Thiamine is generally well tolerated. Subcutaneous injections are painful because of the low pH solutions.

In rare cases (usually with parenteral administration), allergic reactions (pruritus, urticaria, angioedema).The most severe reactions can occur with intravenous administration of thiamine.

Allergic reactions more common in women in menopause and those suffering from alcoholism.

Vitamin B ₁ is contraindicated in persons with a history of drug intolerance.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis

An overdose of vitamin B ₁ increases the activity of acetylcholine, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergy.

Prolonged administration of excessive doses of vitamin B ₁ may lead to incoordination of the enzyme systems of the liver and fatty degeneration, renal dysfunction.

Interaction

Avoid concurrent parenteral vitamin B ₁ with pyridoxine (vitamin B ₆ ), and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B ₁₂ ) and penicillin, streptomycin, or nicotinic acid.

Sulfonamides and alcohol drugs upset the normal absorption of vitamin B ₁ . Thiamine is an antagonist of choline.

Antibiotics are medicines that contain sulfur, oral contraceptives, antacids may reduce the level of thiamine in the body.

For transfer of thiamine in its active form requires magnesium.

Vitamin A (retinol)

Description

Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin, and includes a number of structurally related compounds:

• retinol (vitamin A alcohol, vitamin A ₁ , akseroftol);
• degidroretinol (vitamin A ₂ );
• retinal (retinene, vitamin A aldehyde);
• retinolevaya acid (vitamin A acid);
• esters of these agents and their spatial isomers.

Vitamin A was first isolated from a carrot, so the English carrot (carrot) was the name of vitamin A - carotenoids. Carotenoids are found in plants, some fungi and algae, and when ingested, can turn into vitamin A. They are a , B , and D -carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin. Only about five hundred known carotenoids.

The best-known carotenoid is B -carotene. He is a provitamin of vitamin A (in the liver it is converted to vitamin A in the oxidative cleavage).

1 ER (retinol equivalent) = 1 mg retinol = 6 mg B -carotene. 1 mg = 3.33 IU (International Units)

Units

Activity of vitamin A is measured in units called retinol equivalents.

1 ER (retinol equivalent) 1 mcg of retinol 6 mg B -carotene 12 mcg other provitamin A carotenoids 3.33 IU vitamin A activity from retinol 10 IU of vitamin A activity in B -carotene

Sources

vegetable animals synthesis in the body Green and yellow vegetables (carrots, squash peppers, spinach, broccoli, green onions, parsley), legumes (soy, peas), peaches, apricots, apples, grapes, watermelon, melon, rose, buckthorn, black cherry, herbs (alfalfa , borage leaves, burdock root, cayenne pepper, fennel, hops, horsetail, kelp, lemongrass, mullein, nettle, oats, parsley, peppermint, plantain, raspberry leaves, alfalfa, rose hips, sage, bearberry, violet leaves, sorrel) . Cod liver oil, liver (especially beef), eggs, milk, butter, margarine, sour cream, cottage cheese, egg yolk Formed by oxidative cleavage of B -carotene

The best sources of vitamin A - fish oil and liver, the following are among the butter, egg yolks, cream and whole milk. Cereal and skim milk, even with the addition of the vitamin is unsatisfactory sources, as well as beef, where vitamin A is found in trace amounts.

Recent studies have shown that none of the plant or animal products can not compensate for a deficiency of vitamin A, therefore, a need to supplementation (WHO Bulletin, 1999).

Action

Vitamin A is involved in the oxidation-reduction processes, the regulation of protein synthesis, promotes normal metabolism, the function of cellular and subcellular membranes, plays an important role in the formation of bones and teeth, as well as fat, essential for the growth of new cells, slows the aging process.

It has long been known beneficial effect of vitamin A on the eyes: in ancient times boiled liver - a major source of vitamin A - is used as a remedy for night blindness. It is essential to photoreception, ensure the regular functioning of the visual analyzer, is involved in the synthesis of the visual pigment of the retina and eye perception of light.

Vitamin A is essential for normal functioning of the immune system and is an integral part of infection control.Application of retinol improves the barrier function of the mucous membranes, increases the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and other factors of non-specific immunity. Vitamin A protects against colds, flu and infections of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract. The presence of vitamin A in the blood is one of the main factors responsible for the fact that children in more developed countries is much easier to carry infectious diseases such as measles, chicken pox, while in countries with low standards of living is much higher mortality from these 'harmless' virus infections. Vitamin A prolongs life even AIDS.

Retinol is essential for the maintenance and restoration of epithelial tissues that make up the skin and mucous membranes. No wonder almost all modern cosmetics contain retinoids - its synthetic analogues.Indeed, vitamin A is used in the treatment of almost all diseases of the skin (acne, acne, psoriasis, etc.). Skin lesions (sores, sunburn), vitamin A accelerates the healing process and stimulates collagen synthesis, enhances the quality of the newly formed tissue and reduces the risk of infections.

Because of its close association with the mucous membranes and epithelial cells, vitamin A beneficial effect on lung function, and is a worthy addition to the treatment of some diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (ulcers, colitis).

Retinol is essential for normal embryonic development, the supply of the embryo and reduce the risk of pregnancy complications such as low birth weight.

Vitamin A is involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones (including progesterone), spermatogenesis, is an antagonist of thyroxine - thyroid hormone.

Both vitamin A and B -carotene, as powerful antioxidants are the prevention and treatment of cancer, in particular, preventing the re-emergence of the tumor after surgery.

'And vitamin A, and B -carotene protects the membrane of brain cells from the damaging effects of free radicals, and the B -carotene neutralize the most dangerous types of free radicals, the radicals of polyunsaturated acids and oxygen radicals. '

Antioxidant effect of B -carotene plays an important role in the prevention of diseases of the heart and arteries, it has a protective effect in patients with angina and increases blood levels of 'useful' cholesterol (HDL).

Lutein and zeaksentin - major carotenoids that protect our eyes: they help prevent cataracts, as well as reduce the risk of macular degeneration (the most important organ of vision), which in each case is the third m cause of blindness.

Another carotenoid - lycopene (found in tomatoes in the core) protects against atherosclerosis by preventing the oxidation and the accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries of low density. In addition, it is the 'strong' carotenoid in the protection of cancer, especially cancer of the breast, endometrium, and prostate.

Daily maintenance

The average adult should consume daily about 3300 IU of vitamin A. In diseases associated with lack of retinol, the dosage may be increased to 10,000 IU per day.

Table. The recommended daily requirement of vitamin A as a function of age in Russia, the UK and the U.S. (mg)

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 11-14 15-18 19-59 60-74 > 75 preg- variables cor- myaschie Russia 400 400 450 500 700 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 800 800 800 800 800 200 400

Infants Children Men Women Age 0-1/2 1/2-1 3.1 4.6 7.10 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 11-14 15-18 19-24 25-50 > 51 preg- variables cor- myaschie Great Britain 350 350 400 400 500 600 700 700 700 700 600 600 600 600 600 700 950 USA 375 375 400 500 700 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 800 800 800 800 800 800 1200

The need for vitamin A can vary significantly depending on the climatic conditions: cold climate does not affect the need for and the exchange of vitamin A, but when the temperature of the environment and increasing the time spent in the sun (for example, during the summer holidays in the south of) the need for vitamin A increases dramatically.

Also diminishing reserves of vitamin A in the liver and, therefore, the need for x-ray exposure.

In women taking oral contraceptives, the need for vitamin A is reduced (Multivitamin supplementation in oral contraceptive users. Mooij PN et al. Contraception 1991 Sep; 44 (3) :277-88).

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

Vitamin A deficiency is defined as the content of serum retinol below 0.35 mmol / l. However, even at the level of plasma 0,70-1,22 mmol / L may be a much smaller amount of vitamin A in the liver, where it accumulates.Vitamin A levels in the plasma begins to decline when its concentration in the liver falls to 0.7 mmol / g of tissue.

The causes of hypovitaminosis A:

• lack of vitamin A in the diet, especially in winter and spring;
• nutrition (for prolonged deficiency of proteins interfere with the absorption of vitamin A);
• limiting fat intake (vitamin A is fat-soluble);
• liver and biliary tract;
• diseases of the pancreas, intestine;
• significant small bowel resection, malabsorption syndrome;
• Inadequate intake of vitamin E (vitamin E, as an antioxidant, prevents oxidation of vitamin A).

Clinically relevant diagnostic symptoms of vitamin A in the body

• Premature aging of the skin to form wrinkles
• Dandruff
• Increased pain and temperature sensitivity
• Increased sensitivity of tooth enamel
• Watery eyes in the cold
• Crusts and mucus accumulation in the corners of the eyes, a sense of 'sand' in the eyes, redness of the eyelids
• Weak erection, rapid ejaculation, weak urinary sphincter, etc.

The most famous symptom of hypovitaminosis A is the so-called 'night blindness' (night blindness or day-blindness) - the sharp deterioration of vision in low light. Vitamin A deficiency leads to changes in almost all organs and systems of the body:

• corneal opacity, xerophthalmia (dry mucous membranes of the eyes), itchy eyes in the cold, congestion and mucus crusts in corners of the eyes, a sense of 'sand' in the eyes, redness of the eyelids, xanthelasma century;
• dry skin, premature aging of the skin to form wrinkles, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, precancerous lesions and skin cancer;
• dry hair, dandruff;
• hyperesthesia tooth enamel;
• atrophic gastritis, colitis, cholelithiasis, diarrhea, intestinal infections, cancer of the pancreas, liver cysts;
• weakness of the sphincter of the bladder, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido;
• cervical erosion, endocervicitis, polyps, adenomatous, leukoplakia;
• breast disease, breast cancer;
• respiratory infections, sinusitis, pneumonia, frequent colds, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung cancer;
• anemia;
• cellular immunodeficiency;
• developmental disorders, stunted growth;
• increased pain and temperature sensitivity;
• insomnia, exhaustion.

Statement

Vitamin A is prescribed:

• in various diseases of the skin and mucous membranes (thrush, seborrheic dermatitis and other allergic symptoms);
• diseases of the eye (conjunctivitis, keratitis), daily intake of retinol improves adaptation to the dark;
• to start the process of healing and regeneration in the treatment of burns, wounds, fractures;

Retinol is a part of the treatment of the treatment of:

• acute and chronic pneumonia,
• acute and chronic diseases of the liver and biliary tract.

Appropriate use of vitamin A in iron deficiency anemia, as there is a correlation between plasma levels of retinol and iron concentration in the serum.

Dosages

Vitamin A administered orally, intramuscularly, and externally (topically).

Vitamin A is used in the prevention and treatment doses. Preventive doses are established based on daily requirement of vitamins. The use of vitamin A for medicinal purposes should be done strictly under medical supervision.

Therapeutic doses of vitamin A with beriberi mild and severe for adults 33 000 ME (0,01 g) a day for children - 1000-5000 ME day. Skin diseases adults - 50000-100000 ME, children - 5000-10000 ME day.

Single doses of vitamin A should not exceed 50 000 for adults and ME 5000 ME for children, daily - 100 000 ME for adults and 20,000 children ME.

Prophylactic daily dose of vitamin A for adults is 3,300 IU.

During pregnancy is not recommended to take more than 6000 ME vitamin A per day, as in large doses, it has a teratogenic effect, ie can lead to congenital deformities in children. The toxic effect was observed at a dose of 25,000 IU per day. Pregnant women should not use fish oil.

When planning a pregnancy, also consider that retinol accumulates in the body, and if a woman has been treated with high doses of vitamin A, it is better to plan pregnancy not earlier than 6 months after use of retinol.

Children should not take more than 18,000 ME vitamin A per day for a month.

Safety

With care, vitamin A should be administered to patients with allergic diseases, as presence of asthma symptoms in some cases, may increase the level of carotene and retinol in serum.

Hypothyroidism should avoid taking B -carotene, because the body can not convert it into vitamin A.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis

With an overdose of vitamin A can be observed abdominal pain, delayed menstruation, enlargement of the liver and spleen, gastro-intestinal disorders, hair loss, itching, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, small cracks on the lips and in the corners of the mouth.

In chronic hypervitaminosis A is observed:

• dryness and pigmentation of the skin, hair loss, brittle nails,
• pain in the joints and bones, diffuse thickening of the bone,
• enlarged liver and spleen, and dyspeptic symptoms.

Interaction

With prolonged use of vitamin A should simultaneously take vitamin E as the lack of it prevents the absorption of vitamin A.

Conversion of vitamin A to its active form contributes to zinc, so zinc deficiency leads to disruption of absorption of vitamin A.

There is evidence of a negative interaction with alcohol carotene: the combination can damage the liver to a greater extent than when only the alcohol, it should be used into account the frequent and heavy drinking alcohol drugs.

When taking drugs that lower cholesterol levels, it is necessary to take into account that they may violate the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins, so taking vitamin A should be done at different times with hyperlipidemic agents.

Vitamin A should not be given simultaneously with retinoids as the combination is toxic.

When taking laxatives mineral disturbed absorption of fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamin A

The latest data

There is evidence that vitamin A helps to maintain a constant level of sugar in the blood, helping the body use insulin more efficiently. If these findings are confirmed, the use of retinol is the first step to victory over the insulin-resistant conditions such as diabetes type I and II, hypertension, hypoglycemia, and obesity.