Vitamin K (synthetic fitomenadion)

Description

Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin that is stored in small amounts in the liver, it is destroyed in the light and in alkaline solutions.

Was first suggested the presence of factors influencing blood clotting, in 1929, Danish biochemist Henrik Dam (Henrik Dam) identified a fat-soluble vitamin, which in 1935 was named vitamin K (koagulations vitamin) due to its role in blood clotting. For this work, in 1943 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

We can say that the vitamin K - protivogemorragichesky vitamin, or coagulation.

Vitamin K plays an important role in the formation and repair of bone, provides a synthesis of osteocalcin - Tacna bone protein, which crystallizes calcium. It contributes to the prevention of osteoporosis, is involved in the regulation of redox processes in the body.

Of vitamin K comes mainly from food, partly formed by microorganisms of the intestine. Absorption of the vitamin from food, is the participation of bile.

The biological activity of a synthetic drug retains the properties of natural vitamin K ₁ .

Under the common name of vitamin K combined large group of similar chemical composition and effect on the body of substances (from vitamin K ₁ to K ₇ ).

Of this group, the most interesting are the two main forms of vitamin K found in nature: vitamin K ₁ and vitamin K ₂ .

Vitamin K ₁ - a substance that is synthesized in plants and is contained in the leaves.

Vitamin K ₂ - a substance that is synthesized mainly in the human organisms (saprophytic bacteria) in the small intestine, and liver cells of animals. Vitamin K is found in all animal tissues.

On the chemical nature of both types of natural vitamin K are naphthoquinone. Vitamin K ₁ is 2-methyl-3-fntil-1 ,4-naphthoquinone, vitamin K ₂ - 2-methyl-3-difarnezil-1 ,4-naphthoquinone.

Sources

Most rich in vitamin K ₁ green leafy vegetables, which are from 50 to 800 micrograms of vitamin K per 100 g of food. Also vitamin K include:

• green tomatoes,
• hips.
• spinach leaves
• cabbage (Brussels and color)
• Nettle,
• needles,
• oats,
• soybeans,
• rye,
• wheat.

Herbs rich in vitamin K: alfalfa, green tea, kelp, nettle, oat, and shepherd's purse.

Contained significantly less vitamin K in the roots and fruits.

Most of the foods rich in the vitamin content in pig liver, eggs.

Vitamin K is also synthesized in the human gut microflora. Keep in mind that despite the fact that vitamin K is in a wide range of vegetable food, though, because the vitamin is fat-soluble, so that the process of digestion was carried out properly (it does not matter whether it is a product of the bacteria or obtained from food) in the gut should be a little fat.

Daily maintenance

The need for vitamin K, that is the amount that is necessary to prevent the deficit in normal conditions, 1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. With a weight of 60 kg person requires 60 micrograms of vitamin K per day. A typical diet contains between 300 and 500 micrograms of vitamin K per day. Vitamin deficiency - a rare phenomenon, except in cases where a severely restricted diet, or when interactions with medications affect the absorption of the vitamin. Even without food sources normally functioning population of gut bacteria can cause enough vitamin C.

Newborns at risk of breastfeeding buy vitamin K deficiency because human milk contains enough vitamin and intestinal flora they are grown enough to produce it in the quantities needed.

The need for vitamin K in the newborn is in the early days 10.12 micrograms.

Modern mixtures contain about 4 mg of vitamin K per 100 calories, which under normal circumstances would be sufficient to meet the needs of the body.

Category Age (years) Vitamin K (mcg) Infants 0-0.5 5 0.5-1 10 Children 3.1 15 4.6 20 7.10 30 Males 11-14 45 15-18 65 19-24 70 25-50 80 51 and older 80 Females 11-14 45 15-18 55 19-24 60 25-50 65 51 and older 65 in pregnancy 65 lactation 65

Cautions

Antibiotics increase the required rate of vitamin K supplements. Antibiotics kill the bacteria affects the process of its synthesis by intestinal bacteria. Antibiotics also affect the absorption of vitamin K.

In the last trimester of pregnancy to take large doses of synthetic vitamin K is not recommended because it may cause a toxic reaction of the newborn.

Very large doses of vitamin K may accumulate in the body and cause redness and sweating.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

Deficiency of vitamin K in the body leads to the development of hemorrhagic syndrome.

Newborn vitamin K deficiency is shown bleeding from the mouth, nose, navel, urinary tract. There are gastro-intestinal bleeding, bloody vomiting, liquid, tarry stools, intradermal and subcutaneous.

In adults, the symptoms depend on the severity of vitamin A deficiency and appear intradermal and subcutaneous hemorrhages, bleeding gums, nasal and gastrointestinal bleeding.

An early sign of hypovitaminosis K is a reduced content of prothrombin in the blood (hypoprothrombinemia). With a decrease in the prothrombin content of up to 35% risk of bleeding occurs with injuries, with a decrease in the prothrombin content of 15-20% may develop severe bleeding.

Vitamin K deficiency may develop gallstones, with prolonged intravenous nutrition, disorders of the formation and secretion of bile (infectious and toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, gall-stone disease, cancers of the pancreas, biliary dyskinesia), and prolonged use of antibiotics or sulfa drugs that can inhibit the intestinal microflora, synthesizing vitamin K.

One of the main reasons hypovitaminosis is also receiving anticoagulants. Treatment of cardiovascular diseases conventional medicine often involves the use of warfarin (Coumadin) and similar 'kroverazzhizhayuschih' drugs that destroy almost all vitamin K is available in the body.

To deficiency of vitamin K leads as cancer chemotherapy, antibiotic therapy and the use of anticonvulsants.Failure may be due to gastro-intestinal disorders. Since most of the vitamin K in the body is synthesized by intestinal microflora, its deficiency often occurs in people with dysbiosis.

The cause of hypo-and vitamin K may also be the diseases associated with malabsorption of fat gut wall (diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, dysentery, diseases of the pancreas).

It is important to remember that calcium intake that is sufficient to achieve the relation between calcium and phosphorus in excess of 2: 1, affects the synthesis of vitamin K or its digestibility and can cause internal bleeding.

Great reception (about 2200 ME per day) of vitamin E may reduce the absorption of vitamin K from the gastro-intestinal tract and interfere with normal blood clotting.

Statement

General indications for the use of vitamin K in the therapeutic and prophylactic purposes are pathological conditions accompanied by haemorrhagic syndrome and gipoprotrombinemiey.

Medical indications for the use of vitamin K:

• hepatitis, liver cirrhosis,
• pulmonary hemorrhage with pulmonary tuberculosis,
• disproteteinemiya,
• duration of diarrhea,
• pregnant women in the last month of pregnancy to prevent bleeding in neonates
• hemorrhagic disease of the newborn,
• prevention of bleeding in preparation for the planned surgery
• bleeding after injury or surgery,
• postoperative period with the threat of bleeding
• septic diseases associated with hemorrhagic phenomena
• bleeding and hemorrhagic diathesis,
• obstructive jaundice,
• uterine juvenile and proklimaktericheskie bleeding
• bleeding associated with a disease of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach ulcer, colitis, etc.)
• muscle weakness,
• bleeding in radiation sickness,
• hemorrhage associated with overdose of indirect anticoagulants and certain medications (antibiotics, salicylates, sulfonamides, tranquilizers, anti-tuberculosis and anti-epileptic drugs)
• intestinal,
• fragility of blood vessels.

It must be remembered that the use of vitamin K in hemophilia and thrombocytopenic purpura disease is not effective.

Contraindications to the use of vitamin K are:

• thrombosis, embolism,
• hypercoagulability,
• hypersensitivity to the drug.

Dosages

For the treatment of vitamin K are sometimes used as part of combination therapy, with the definition of individual dosages.

For therapeutic purposes, the drug is often used Vikasol. Menadione is a synthetic analog of vitamin K. Vitamin K is considered as a ₃ .

Unlike natural vitamin K (Phytomenadione etc.) menadione is water soluble and can be used not only inside, but also dropped.

Dose:

• newborn - no more than 0,004 g (inside),
• children under one year - 0.002-0.005 g
• up to 2 years - 0,006 g,
• 3-4 years - 0,008 g,
• 5-9 years - 0.01 g,
• 10-14 years - 0,015 g

By intramuscular injection:

• single dose - 0.015 g,
• daily - 0.03 g

Issued:

• powders, pills to 0,015 g,
• ampoules of 1 ml of 1% solution.

Vitamin K is found in some multivitamins.

Cases were observed to hypervitaminosis, because by itself it is not toxic. However, using preparations of vitamin K should be mindful of his ability to increase blood clotting, which is illegal in some states.

Vitamin E (tocopherol acetate)

Description

Tocopherol brings together a number of unsaturated alcohols-tocopherol, the most active is alpha-tocopherol.

For the first time revealed the role of vitamin E in the reproductive process in 1920, the white rats are usually very prolific, it was observed during long-term cessation of breeding dairy diet (skim milk) with the development of beriberi E.

In 1922, Evans and Bishop found that when normal ovulation and conception, pregnant female rats, fetal death occurred to the exclusion from the diet of fat-soluble food factor, available in green leaves and buds of grain. E vitamin deficiency in male rats caused changes seeds epithelium.

In 1936 he obtained the first preparations of vitamin E by the extraction of oil of germs of corn.

Synthesis of vitamin E carried out in 1938 Carrera.

On further examination, it was found that the role of vitamin E is not limited to the control of the reproductive function (VE Romanovsky, EA Sinkova "Vitamins and vitamin").

Vitamin E also improves circulation, is necessary for tissue regeneration, is useful in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome and fibrous breast disease. It provides normal blood clotting and healing, reduces the chance of scarring from some wounds, reduces blood pressure, helps prevent cataracts, improves athletic achievement; relieves leg cramps, and supports the health of nerves and muscles, strengthening the walls of capillaries, prevents anemia.

As an antioxidant, vitamin E protects cells from damage by slowing the oxidation of lipids (fats) and the formation of free radicals. It protects other fat-soluble vitamins from destruction by oxygen, promotes the absorption of vitamin A and protects it from oxygen. Vitamin E slows down aging, can prevent the occurrence of age-related pigmentation.

Vitamin E is also involved in the formation of collagen and elastic fibers of the intercellular substance.Tocopherol prevents increased blood clotting, a positive effect on the peripheral circulation, is involved in the biosynthesis of heme and proteins, cell proliferation, education gonadotropins development of the placenta.

In 1997, demonstrated the ability of vitamin E to facilitate Alzheimer's and diabetes, and improve immune function.

On the beneficial effects of vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease ravages the brain, previously considered completely non-treatment, reported the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine, as the news was widely covered in the press. Daily doses of the order of 2000 Intl. u Vitamin E appreciably hindered development.

However, remember that vitamin E plays a preventive role - he can not restore pre-existing damage. Some participants in studies that did not find any anti-cancer effectiveness of vitamin E for many years smoked or irresponsible attitude to healthy eating. Neither medicine nor vitamin is not able to reverse tissue damage caused by decades of unhealthy lifestyles. For example, a daily intake of 400 between. u Vitamin E can prevent the conversion of nitrite (certain substances present in smoked and pickled foods) into carcinogenic nitrosamines, but does not lead to a backlash transformation nitrosamines in nitrite.

In addition to this the effectiveness of vitamin E increased in the presence of other nutrients, antioxidants.Its anti-cancer protective effect is particularly noticeable increases vitamin C.

Thus, the main functions that are performed in the body vitamin E, can be formulated as follows:

• protects cell structures from damage by free radicals (acts as an antioxidant);
• involved in heme biosynthesis;
• prevents thrombosis;
• involved in the synthesis of hormones;
• supports the immune system;
• has anti-cancer effect;
• ensure proper functioning of muscles.

Units

The amount of vitamin E is usually measured in international units (IU).

1 IU 0.67 mg a-tocopherol 1 mg a -tocopherol acetate 1.49 IU 1 mg a -tocopherol 1.49 mg a -tocopherol acetate

To indicate prophylactic doses of vitamin also used the term "tocopherol equivalents" or ET (TE)

1 mg TE 1 mg a -tocopherol 0.5 mg TE 1 mg of B -tocopherol 0.1 mg TE 1 mg of G -tocopherol 0.3 mg TE 1 mg a -tocotrienol

Sources

Vegetable oils, sunflower, cottonseed, corn, sunflower seeds of apples, nuts (almonds, peanuts), turnips, green leafy vegetables, cereals, legumes, egg yolk, liver, milk, oatmeal, soybeans, wheat, and it sprouts.

Herbs rich in vitamin E: dandelion, alfalfa, flax seed, nettle, oats, raspberry leaf, rose hips.

Tocopherol content (mg per 100 g) in vegetable oils and some foods (RH Bunnell, 1965; WH Senrell, 1972)

Product Name The total content of tocopherols The content of a-tocopherol Oils: of wheat germ 100-400 84,8-209,3 Sunflower 40-70 23-46 Cotton 50-100 10-54 Corn 40-80 14,7-23,6 Soy 50-160 6,4-24,2 Olive 4,5-7 3,0-7,2 Butter 1.0 1.0 Beef Liver 1.62 0.63 Fresh peas 1.73 0.55 Fat pig 0.59 0.53 Dry beans 1.68 0.47 Beef 0.63 0.37 Fresh apples 0.51 0.31 White bread 0.23 0.10 Whole milk 0.093 0.036

Daily maintenance

Category Age (years) Vitamin E (IU) Infants 0-0.5 3 0.5-1 4 Children 3.1 6 4.6 7 7.10 7 Males 11-14 10 15-18 10 19-24 10 25-50 10 51 and older 10 Females 11-14 8 15-18 8 19-24 8 25-50 8 51 and older 8 in pregnancy 10 lactation 12

Or you can use the formula:

Daily demand = children under 1 year of age - 0.5 mg / kg (usually fully prepared with mother's milk), adults - 0.3 mg / kg.

Factor that increases the body's need for vitamin E man, is the increased dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

The first and the earliest sign that manifests itself fairly quickly in low intake of vitamin E and the excess input of unsaturated fatty acids, is a muscular dystrophy. Degeneration of skeletal muscle is the most universal manifestation of avitaminosis E. The most severe lesions observed in the diaphragm. Muscle fibers decompose, and necrotic fibers are deposited calcium salts.

In liver avitaminosis E described necrosis, fatty degeneration, sinusoidal expansion, reduction in glycogen.

Failure can also provoke a reduction in life span of red blood cells (RBCs). Studies in animals show that the deficit of vitamin E may also suffer heart muscle, and reproductive functions.

Statement

• vitamin deficiencies,
• high physical activity,
• menstrual disorders,
• the threat of termination of pregnancy,
• climacteric vegetative disorders,
• gonadal dysfunction in men
• Neurasthenia with fatigue,
• asthenic syndrome,
• amyotrophic lateral syndrome
• primary muscular dystrophy,
• posttraumatic secondary myopathy,
• disease ligaments and muscles
• degenerative and proliferative changes in the joints and ligaments to the spine and large joints
• dermatomyositis,
• some dermatoses
• psoriasis,
• during rekonvalestsensii diseases that occur with fever
• in gerantologii (old age),
• spasm of peripheral vessels,
• epilepsy (to increase efficiency of anticonvulsants)
• in treatment for many diseases (as antioxidant).

In pediatric use:

• with malnutrition,
• scleroderma and other diseases.

Storage

All medications are stored in a well-tocopherol packed container and protected from light to the sun's rays do not destroy vitamin E.

Vitamin E is mainly used in treatment of various diseases.

Tocopheryl acetate part of the combined (multivitamin) drugs: Aevit, Undevit, modern French multivitamin preparations Komplivit etc. The complex.

Safety

Tocopherol supplementation may cause an increase in blood pressure and serum triglycerides and may reduce the need for insulin in insulin-dependent diabetics. It is therefore important to regularly monitor your blood sugar, if a patient with diabetes is beginning to take vitamin E, because maybe he will need to reduce the usual insulin dose. It is also important, since in addition to take this vitamin, increase the dose gradually, starting with the little ones.

Contraindications:

• hypersensitivity to the drug.

Side effects:

• allergic reactions,
• at high doses may be diarrhea and epigastric pain.

Cautions

It should be used with caution:

• in severe cardiosclerosis,
• myocardial infarction,
• the increased risk of thromboembolism.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis

Vitamin E is relatively non-toxic. Survey of more than 10,000 cases, supplementation of vitamin E in high doses (200 to 3,000 IU per day) for a few years has shown that there are no serious side effects have been. At high doses may develop passing nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, blood pressure may rise.